THE ROMAN CALENDAR

When the Rome emerged as a world power, the difficulties of making a calendar were well known, but the Romans complicated their lives because of their superstition belief that even number were unlucky. Hence their months were 29 or 31 days long, with the exeption of February, which had 28 days. However, four months of 31 days, seven months of 29 days and one month of 28 days added up to 355 days. Therefore the Romans invented an extra month called Mercedonius of 22 or 23 days. It was added every second year.
Even with Mercedonius, the Roman calendar eventually became so far off that Julius Caesar, advised by the astronomer Sosigenes, ordered a sweeping reform. 46 B.C. was made 445 days long by imperial decree, bringing the calendar back in step with the seasons. Then the solar year (with the value of 365 days and 6 hours) was made the basis of the calendar. The months were 30 or 31 in length and to take care of the 6 hours, every fourth year was made a 366 day year. Moreover, Caesar decreed the year began with the first of January, not with the vernal equinox in late March.
This calendar was named the Julian Calendar, after Julius Caesar and it continuous used by the Eastern Orthodox churches for holiday calculation to this day. However, despite the correction, the Julian calendar is still 11 and one-half minutes longer than the actual solar year, after a number of centuries, even 11 and one-half minutes adds up.

The Roman Calendar

The Ancient Roman Calendar

The discovery of Roman Calendar is that, the early Roman calendar borrowed some parts of their calendar from Greeks. So, this states that there is no particular person of who discover the Roman calendar. Rather, the Greeks are the one whom they did borrowed from. But, the Roman calendar is revised by Julius Ceasar and named after him as “Julian Calendar”. He changed the name of some dates that involves names whom he had debt to like his ancestor. 

In Roman Calendar, it consist of 10 months only. 6 months of 30 days and 4 months of 31 days. But they used it only in a matter of time. Romans changed their calendar around 47 B.C. They called it Julian because of the name of Julius Caesar

In early Roman calendar, it consists of 12 months beginning in March, later on January became the start of the year. Romans relied on lunar calendar cycles. He introduced an extra day in February in leap years. The names of the months in Roman calendar and the days that every month have are listed below:

Martius --------------------------------------------------- 31

Aprilis ------------------------------------------------------ 29

Maius ------------------------------------------------------ 31

Lunius ------------------------------------------------------ 29

Quintilis ---------------------------------------------------- 31

Sextilis ------------------------------------------------------- 29

September -------------------------------------------------- 29

October ------------------------------------------------------ 31

November --------------------------------------------------- 29

December --------------------------------------------------- 29

Ianuarius -----------------------------------------------------29

Februarius ---------------------------------------------------28

Februarius (leap year) ------------------------------------23
Intercalaris (leap year) -----------------------------------27/28

SOURCES:


Ellis,Elizabeth G. “Prentice Hall

World History” The Asian Foundation

Philippines, Book for Asia. C 2009



Zaide, Gregorio F. “Kasaysayan

Ng Daigdig” Quezon City: All Nation

Publishing Co; INC. C 2002



___________ “On Egyptian and

Roman Calendars” The World

Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, USA: World

Book Inc. C 1997.



Johnson, Van L. “The Roman Origins

of Our Calendar” USA: American Classical

League, C 1974

CONCHITINA CRUZ

Conchitina "Chingbee" R. Cruz is a Filipina poet who teaches creative writing and comparative literature at the University of the Philippines at Diliman.

Formerly an INTARMED student, Cruz shifted to the University of the Philippines' Creative writing program, from which she graduated magna cum laude and College of Arts and Letters, Valedcitorian in 1998.

While on a Fulbright grant, she studied and taught at the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where she received her MFA in Writing. She is currently taking her PhD in SUNY Albany.

Her works include Disappear, a chapbook published in 2005 by High Chair, Dark Hours, published in 2005 by The University of the Philippines Press, elsewhere held and lingered, published in 2008 by High Chair, and A catalogue of clothes for sale from the closet of Christine Abella: perpetual student, ukay fan, and compulsive traveler, published in 2012 by the Youth & Beauty Brigade. She is also the youngest poet in the anthology A Habit of Shores, the third part in Germino H. Abad's three-volume collection of one hundred years of Philippine poetry and verse.

Some of her works have also appeared in Mid-American Review, Indiana Review, Philippine Studies and the online journal High Chair. In September 2006, Dark Hours was reviewed by Andy Brown, the creative writing program director at the University of Bxeter.

Cruz has won two Palanca Awards to date, one in 1996 for "Second Skin" and another in 2001 for "The Shortest Distance". Her book Dark Hours won the 2006 National Book Award for Poetry.

In June 2014, she established with boyfriend writer Adam David a hole-in-the-wall bookstore and pub in Quezon City called Uno Morato dedicated to independently-published or small-press books where they hold a monthly small press mini-expo.

One of her works is Dark Hours. At this historical moment when the issue of how to respond to suffering is so fraught as to leave us speechless, the poems of Conchitina Cruz have found a way to speak. Here in this starkly beautiful volume, she has discovered a language sufficient to the terrors and the joys of the contemporary. The highest praise that can be given to any work of literature—and Dark Hours is most surely literature—is that it is contemporary. This is a very remarkable book.

SOURCE:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchitina_Cruz

Parasyte

I thought it was a Korean movie because of their faces. I forgot that Japan is well-known as the anime creator. This movie is about the parasites who wants to rule and exist in the world as a human. It's such a gross movie because they eat the head of humans and they kill humans, but it was an amazing movie too.

I almost cry when the head of Shinichi's mother taken by A (a parasite). When Shinichi's mother got home, she is not Shinichi's mother anymore. To prove that she is not the mother of Shinichi, her head was transformed into a gross creatures and pierced his heart so that Shinichi will not be able to live anymore. I was amazed when Migi did everything just to save Shinichi's life.

I think that the girl who is also a parasite wants to experience how to live as a human in this planet Earth. She is pregnant and she knows that the baby she is bearing is a human. She wants to experience how to be a mother as a human. But the father of this child is also a parasite and he wants to eat the baby as the girl gave birth to it.

I can't wait to watch the part 2 of this movie because I want to see how the girl takes care of her own baby even if she's not a human.I also want to see what will happen now to the world when the parasites won the candidacy for being the leader in Japan. Thank you again Ms. Eliz for letting us to watch this Live Action Film. I'm looking forward to the next movie we are going to watch.

Turn Left, Turn Right

It just show that no matter how far you are or even if you're different, as long as the love is there, nothing can tear the bond of love between the both of you. Its just so cute how their love story works. As a matter of fact, I'm usually watching or interested in love story movies. But here, I realized that you will learn a lot from the movies that has love. As I've watched the movie, I saw that the two person are really doing everything just to see each other again. They're really destined for each other as we can see. The patience that the both show are all worth it in the end. It's not just because they're both in love, but because finally, they've given a chance to see and hug each other again. You know, loving someone you do not see is so hard. But these two proved that even if they can't see each other. That does not stop them from hoping that someday, maybe someday the time would come and they will meet again. They did not even notice that all this time, they're so close from each other. They didn't even realize that they're neighbor until their friend made a way for them to meet. Its funny because I never thought that the doctor and the other girl are the one who was destined. You really never know who are destined for you, but one thing you can do is to have patience and wait until our Lord give it to you.

 Takeshi and Gigi met unintentionally at the park fountain. Then Gigi’s papers accidentally fell into the fountain. Gigi asked his telephone number. The two never got in touch because Gigi left her bag on the train and lost Takeshi’s phone number.  The two laugh while talking about the past and exchange phone numbers without asking each other’s name before parting because of the rain.  That night after that encounter they are both happy and excited to see each other again. Unfortunately both of them got sick because of the rain. While they’re in pain because of their flu, they kept on guessing the number written in the paper it is not readable because it got wet during the rainstorm.

One of the numbers they called is a restaurant that Ruby works at as a waitress and also a delivery person. When Ruby arrives at the apartment (Takeshi’s), she fell for Takeshi. Takeshi’s and Gigi’s flu becomes tough that they are both taken to the hospital. Then this Dr. Hu came inside the picture. Dr. Hu happens to be a former classmate of Gigi from the university who has a crush on her. Then this Doctor also believes in fate and  he tells Gigi that it must be fate that they met each other. While discharging, Takeshi and Gigi gave their keys to Ruby and Dr. Hu. Then both of them found out that Ruby and Dr. Hu moved into each of their apartments, but both of make it clear that they don’t have feelings for Ruby and Dr. Hu. Where do broken hearts go?  Dr. Hu and Ruby ended up being together. They planned something for Takeshi and Gigi.

Gigi and Takeshi are frustrated about not being able to cross paths with each other again and they decided to take jobs abroad. They are about to leave the apartment when the earthquake strikes, destroying the wall between them. And finally, after so many days they finally find each other.